Morning! Have you seen yesterday’s paper? Üsküdar’s.
1yapılmış olan cumba: the time inside the participle
In Lesson 12, gelen could be “that comes” or “that came”, and other words said when: Dün gelen mektup, “the letter that came yesterday”. But what if there’s nothing else to say it? Then the participle says the time itself. Take a tense you know — -makta, -mış or -acak — and put olan after it. That’s olmak with -an, the same olan that did var’s job in Lesson 12. olan does the “that”, and what comes before it says when:
Three tenses, three cumbas. -makta is from Course 1’s Lesson 25: okumaktayım, “I’m in the middle of reading”. yapılmakta olan: the thing is under way right now. -mış here, as in Lesson 5’s gelmişken, isn’t passing anything on: the thing is already done. And -acak looks ahead: the thing is still to come.
yapılmakta olan cumba— the cumba being built
yapılmış olan cumba— the cumba that’s been built
yapılacak olan cumba— the cumba that will be built
“Now”, “already” and “to come” count from the rest of the sentence. Talk about the past and -makta becomes “then”: the work was under way at the time you’re talking about. -mış is before that time, -acak after it:
Geçen yıl yapılmakta olan restorasyon bitti.— The restoration that was under way last year is finished.
Geçen ay, yıllar önce yıkılmış olan bir evin fotoğrafını bulduk.— Last month we found a photo of a house that had been pulled down years before.
Geçen ay, yapılacak olan cumbanın çizimini kurula gönderdik.— Last month we sent the board the drawing of the cumba that was to be built.
These forms have no person, like -an: the noun does the thing itself — the cumba being built. The negative goes on the first verb: yapılmamış olan, “that hasn’t been built yet”; gönderilmeyecek olan, “that won’t be sent”:
Henüz yapılmamış olan bir cumbanın fotoğrafı olur mu?— Can there be a photo of a cumba that hasn’t been built yet?
Kurula gönderilmeyecek olan çizimler masamda.— The drawings that aren’t going to the board are on my desk.
-acak olan is Lesson 12’s -acak again: alacak olan, verecek olan. -makta and -mış are side by side in the table:
| Last vowel | -makta olan | -mış olan |
|---|---|---|
| a ı | al → almakta olan | al → almış olan |
| e i | ver → vermekte olan | ver → vermiş olan |
| o u | bul → bulmakta olan | bul → bulmuş olan |
| ö ü | gör → görmekte olan | gör → görmüş olan |
The short -an hasn’t gone anywhere: when another word gives the time, it’s all you need. In Dün gelen mektup, dün has already said “yesterday”. Without dün, the long form says “already”:
Dün gelen mektup masada.— The letter that came yesterday is on the desk.
Gelmiş olan mektuplar masada.— The letters that have already come are on the desk.
2yıkılmış cumba: -mış without olan
You can leave olan out: -mış is a participle on its own, too — TDK’s dictionary names it among the participle endings, alongside -an, -dık and -acak. You’ve eaten one already: Course 1 Lesson 13’s patlamış mısır, which its Lesson 18 opened up as “corn that has popped”. yıkılmış cumba is “a cumba that’s been pulled down”, kırılmış bardak “a broken glass”.
Yıkılmış cumbanın yerinde şimdi iki pencere var.— Where the pulled-down cumba was, there are two windows now.
Just don’t mix it up with Course 1 Lesson 18’s -mış, “it turns out”. Cumba yıkılmış is a whole sentence: “the cumba’s been pulled down, it turns out”. yıkılmış cumba is “the pulled-down cumba”, and the sentence carries on after it. One form; the noun after it decides, as with yarın bulacağım fotoğraf in Lesson 12:
Cumba yıkılmış.— The cumba’s been pulled down, it turns out.
Yıkılmış cumba beş numaranın cumbası.— The cumba that was pulled down is number 5’s.
3okumakta olduğum kitap: the same with -dık
In Lesson 12, çizdiğim could be “that I’m drawing” or “that I drew”, and şu anda and geçen ay decided which. Here too, the long form says the time itself. The tense goes on the verb, olmak comes after it, and -dık with its possessive goes onto ol: olduğum, olduğun… Who’s doing the reading, the ending says, as ever:
Şu anda okumakta olduğum kitap çok eski.— The book I’m reading at the moment is very old.
Okumuş olduğum kitapları sahaflara götürüyorum.— I take the books I’ve already read to the booksellers.
Okuyacak olduğum kitaplar masamda.— The books I’m going to read are on my desk.
-acak looks ahead anyway, like çizeceğim in Lesson 12: here okuyacak olduğum kitaplar means what okuyacağım kitaplar would, “the books I’m going to read”, only at greater length. Every person goes on ol:
ben → okumuş olduğum kitap— I → the book I’ve read
sen → okumuş olduğun kitap— you → the book you’ve read
o → okumuş olduğu kitap— he, she → the book he’s (she’s) read
biz → okumuş olduğumuz kitap— we → the book we’ve read
siz → okumuş olduğunuz kitap— you → the book you’ve read
onlar → okumuş oldukları kitap— they → the book they’ve read
Even the dictionary talks about time this way. Here’s how TDK explains the word zaman itself — all three times in one line: geçtiği, geçeceği and geçmekte olduğu:
Bir işin, bir oluşun içinde geçtiği, geçeceği veya geçmekte olduğu süre— The stretch in which a thing or an event took place, will take place, or is taking place
Add a case, as last lesson, and all of this becomes “that”: yapılmış olduğunu, “that it’s been built”. The subject then takes -ın, as in Kerem’in geldiğini:
Gazete, cumbanın yapılmış olduğunu yazdı.— The paper wrote that the cumba had been built.
Muhtar, cumbanın yapılacak olduğunu söyledi.— The muhtar said the cumba was going to be built.
4yapılmakta olan çalışmalar: how a paper puts it
Course 1’s Lesson 25 said -makta “sounds official: it’s written in the news, on signs and in letters”. Here are three bits of news the way Üsküdar’s local paper writes them — the paper that interviewed Hayri Bey in Lesson 11 — and after the arrow, the same thing as you’d say it over tea:
Sokakta yapılmakta olan çalışmalar haziranda bitecek. → Sokaktaki iş haziranda bitiyor.— The work currently under way in the street will be completed in June. → The job in the street finishes in June.
Muhtarlıkta açılmış olan sergiyi çok kişi gezdi. → Muhtarlıktaki sergiye çok kişi geldi.— The exhibition opened at the muhtar’s office has drawn many visitors. → Lots of people came to the exhibition at the muhtar’s office.
Beş numarada yapılacak olan cumba için kurulun kararı bekleniyor. → Kurul ne diyecek, bekliyoruz.— A decision by the board is awaited on the cumba to be built at number 5. → We’re waiting to see what the board says.
Over tea, the main verb says the time — bitiyor, geldi, diyecek — and -daki does for “in the street” and “at the muhtar’s office”. The paper tucks the time into a participle: the sentence comes out longer, but more exact.
5Türkiye up close: Takvim-i Vekayi, the state’s first newspaper
In the middle of Lesson 5’s book market stands a bust of İbrahim Müteferrika, who founded the first Turkish printing house in 1727. And the name of Course 1 Lesson 4’s kıraathane, the “reading house”, is left over from when people went there for the newspapers. The state’s own paper first came out on 1 November 1831, and it was called Takvim-i Vekayi.
The name is two Arabic words. takvim is still “calendar” today. vekayi is a relative of vaka, “incident, event”, which TDK’s dictionary sends you on to olay. So it comes out as something like “a calendar of events”. The word gazete itself, TDK says, came from Italian: gazzetta.
There had been Turkish papers before. The TDV encyclopaedia names a half-Turkish, half-Arabic paper put out by the governor of Egypt, in Cairo from December 1828, and earlier still, in 1816, a Turkish-Arabic paper is said to have come out in Baghdad. But Takvim-i Vekayi was the Ottoman state’s first official paper, and the sultan himself approved its name. Four days later came a French edition, Le Moniteur ottoman, for Europe, and then Armenian, Greek, Arabic and Persian ones.
Takvim-i Vekayi, devletin çıkarmış olduğu ilk gazete.— Takvim-i Vekayi is the first newspaper the state put out.
And a story made for today’s lesson: this paper could be corrected before it was even printed, and here’s why:
Basılacak olan her sayı önce saraya gitti.— Every issue that was to be printed went to the palace first.
Usually an issue was allowed through as it stood, but now and then, at the sultan’s wish, the text was corrected and added to.
The paper was meant to come out at least once a week, but after its first eight issues it never found its rhythm: some years saw eight issues, or nineteen, or twenty-four. Officials of a certain rank had to subscribe — 120 kuruş a year — until 1868, when the rule went: making every official buy the paper, it was decided, wasn’t fair.
But it was looked after. The issues were bound in order, and for its first decades an index was drawn up at the end of each year: nobody meant it to be read once and thrown away. That’s why libraries hold more of it than of almost any other Ottoman paper. With two breaks it ran for ninety-one years, until 4 November 1922 — and in its last fourteen years alone, 4,608 issues came out. In the Republic, TDV says, its work was carried on, “in a way”, by the Resmî Gazete, the “Official Gazette”.
6Dialogue: the wrong tense
A Tuesday morning in May, at the office. Defne has brought in yesterday’s local paper from Üsküdar. And in Lesson 12, at the muhtar’s exhibition, Nevin Hanım from İzmir wrote in the anı defteri: Cumbayı yapacağınız gün buradayım, “The day you build the cumba, I’ll be here.”
Defne:
Günaydın! Dünkü gazeteyi gördünüz mü? Üsküdar’ın gazetesi.
Kerem:
Aa, bu benim çizimim! Fotoğraf gibi koymuşlar.
Oh, that’s my drawing! They’ve put it in like a photo.
Zehra:
Altında ne yazıyor, Defne Hanım?
What does it say underneath, Defne Hanım?
Defne:
“Beş numaranın yıkılmış olan cumbası yeniden yapıldı.”
“Number 5’s demolished cumba has been rebuilt.”
Tolga:
Yapıldı mı? Ben henüz payandaları bile görmedim!
Rebuilt? I haven’t even seen the supports yet!
Zehra:
Kurul henüz “evet” demedi, Tolga Bey.
The board hasn’t said yes yet, Tolga Bey.
Kerem:
Muhtar onlara “yapılacak olan cumba” demiş. Gazete “yapılmış olan” yazmış.
The muhtar told them “the cumba that’s going to be built”, it says. The paper’s written “that’s been built”.
Zehra:
Gelecek zaman, geçmiş zaman oldu.
The future tense has turned into the past.
Defne:
Ve herkes cumbanın yapılmış olduğunu düşünüyor!
And everyone thinks the cumba’s been built!
Defne:
Telefon… Muhtar arıyor.
The phone… It’s the muhtar.
Defne:
Nevin Hanım haberi okumuş! Dün gece otobüsle İzmir’den yola çıkmış.
Nevin Hanım’s read the story! She set off from İzmir by bus last night.
Kerem:
Cumbasını görmeye geliyor… Ama cumba yok!
She’s coming to see her cumba… And there isn’t one!
Zehra:
Bir günde cumba yapılmaz, Kerem Bey.
You don’t build a cumba in a day, Kerem Bey.
Tolga:
Bir günde payanda bile yapılmaz.
You don’t even make a support in a day.
Defne:
Ama Nevin Hanım’ın oturabileceği bir cumba var: Sabiha Hanım’ın cumbası. Üç numara, beş numaranın hemen yanında!
But there is a cumba Nevin Hanım can sit in: Sabiha Hanım’s. Number 3, right next to number 5!
Zehra:
Çok güzel fikir, Defne Hanım. Sabiha Hanım’ı siz arayın.
A lovely idea, Defne Hanım. You ring Sabiha Hanım.
Kerem:
Peki yanlış yazılmış olan haber ne olacak?
And what about the story that was written wrong?
Zehra:
Muhabir bir düzeltme yazacak. Bu sefer doğru zamanla!
The reporter will write a correction. In the right tense, this time!
Tolga:
Yapılacak olan cumbanın payandaları benden!
The supports for the cumba-to-be are on me!
yıkılmış olan, yapılacak olan, yapılmış olan and yanlış yazılmış olan are section 1’s long participles, and yapılmış olduğunu is the same with -dık and the accusative, as last lesson. koymuşlar, demiş, yazmış, okumuş and yola çıkmış are Course 1 Lesson 18’s -mış: Kerem has it all from the paper, Defne from the muhtar. Bir günde cumba yapılmaz is the passive in the aorist, “it isn’t done”, like Lesson 10’s Bu ofiste geç kalınmaz — except that this one has a subject, cumba, because yapmak takes an object. oturabileceği is -abil and -acak with a possessive: “where she can sit”. zaman means both “time” and “tense” — Turkish has one word for the two. And Tolga Bey first said Payandaları benden in Lesson 12, the day the cumba went on the to-do list.
7Reading
A week later, in the same paper, which writes the way section 4 showed: long and exact. Read it through; open a translation only where you’re stuck.
Düzeltme
A correction — and a visitor from İzmir.
Geçen pazartesi bu sayfada bir fotoğraf vardı.
Last Monday there was a photo on this page.
Altında şu cümle vardı: “Beş numaranın yıkılmış olan cumbası yeniden yapıldı.”
Under it ran the line: “Number 5’s demolished cumba has been rebuilt.”
Bu cümle yanlış.
That line is wrong.
Fotoğraftaki cumba bir cumba değil, mimar Kerem Bey’in çizimi.
The cumba in the photo isn’t a cumba but a drawing by the architect Kerem Bey.
Muhtarımızın bize söylemiş olduğu cümle şuydu: “Beş numarada yapılacak olan cumba bu.”
What our muhtar had told us was this: “This is the cumba that’s going to be built at number 5.”
Okurlarımızdan özür dileriz.
We apologise to our readers.
Haberi İzmir’de okumuş olan biri vardı: Nevin Hanım.
Someone in İzmir had read the story: Nevin Hanım.
Nevin Hanım beş numarada doğdu.
Nevin Hanım was born at number 5.
1986’da beş numaranın cumbasında oturan kız oydu.
The girl sitting in number 5’s cumba in 1986 was her.
Haberi ona torunu gönderdi.
Her grandson sent her the story.
Nevin Hanım aynı gece otobüse bindi ve sabah Üsküdar’daydı.
That same night Nevin Hanım got on a bus, and by morning she was in Üsküdar.
Ama sokakta onu bekleyen bir cumba yoktu: beş numarada hâlâ iki pencere vardı.
But there was no cumba waiting for her in the street: number 5 still had its two windows.
O sırada üç numaranın cumbasından bir ses geldi.
Just then a voice came from number 3’s cumba.
— Kızım, sen beş numaranın kızı değil misin?
“Aren’t you the girl from number 5, dear?”
Bu ses, kırk yıldır cumbasında oturmakta olan Sabiha Hanım’ındı.
The voice was Sabiha Hanım’s: she has been sitting in her cumba for forty years.
— 1986 kışında sen o cumbadaydın, ben bu cumbadaydım.
“In the winter of ’86 you were in that cumba, and I was in this one.”
— Gel, kızım. Beş numaraya en güzel benim cumbamdan bakılır.
“Come up, dear. Number 5 is best seen from my cumba.”
Bütün gün iki komşu cumbada oturdu, çay içti ve yapılacak olan cumbanın yerine baktı.
All day the two neighbours sat in the cumba, drank tea and looked at the spot where the cumba is to go.
Akşam Nevin Hanım gazetemize şunları söyledi:
In the evening Nevin Hanım told our paper:
— Otuz yıldır görmediğim cumbamı göremedim.
“I didn’t get to see the cumba I haven’t seen in thirty years.”
— Ama kırk yıl önce yanımda oturan komşumu buldum.
“But I found the neighbour who sat next to me forty years ago.”
— Cumbanın yapılacağı gün yine buradayım.
“The day the cumba’s built, I’ll be here again.”
— Ama bu sefer önce doğru yazılmış olan haberi bekleyeceğim!
“But this time, first I’ll wait for a story that’s been written right!”
Söz veriyoruz: o gün bu sayfada yine bir cumba olacak. Bu sefer, doğru zamanla.
We promise: that day there’ll be a cumba on this page again. In the right tense, this time.
okumuş olan, oturmakta olan, yapılacak olan and doğru yazılmış olan are all three of the lesson’s times, and söylemiş olduğu is the same with -dık. Sabiha Hanım’ındı is “was Sabiha Hanım’s”: the genitive and -dı, as in Lesson 12’s Bakkal o zaman onundu, “The shop was his then”. bakılır is the passive with no subject, like Lesson 10’s Oraya nasıl gidilir?. Nevin Hanım wrote Otuz yıldır görmediğim cumbam! back in Lesson 12, and her Cumbayı yapacağınız gün buradayım now comes out as Cumbanın yapılacağı gün yine buradayım. And Sabiha Hanım has called people kızım, her “dear”, since Lesson 11.
1What was wrong with the story?
2Who asked Nevin Hanım up into a cumba?
3What will Nevin Hanım wait for this time?
8The lesson’s new words
These are the words the lesson brought in for the first time, in the order you met them. The long participles aren’t here: you can build those yourself from verbs you know.
New words
- olayevent
- devletthe state
- basmakto print (a paper, a book)
- sayıissue (of a paper); number
- saraypalace
- yenidenanew, again
- muhabirreporter
- düzeltmecorrection
- bu seferthis time
- okurreader
9Say it yourself
Out loud first, then the answer. For each one, ask yourself when it happens — now, before or after — and who does it: the noun itself, or someone else. Getting it wrong and then checking is exactly what this is for.
the cumba being built right now
şu anda yapılmakta olan cumba
the cumba that’s going to be built at number 5
beş numarada yapılacak olan cumba
the books I’ve already read
okumuş olduğum kitaplar
the demolished cumba will be rebuilt
Yıkılmış cumba yeniden yapılacak.
the paper wrote that the cumba had been built
Gazete, cumbanın yapılmış olduğunu yazdı.
I know you’ve read this book
Bu kitabı okumuş olduğunu biliyorum.
10Check yourself
Six items. A miss shows you the right answer straight away, and why.
1Match each picture to its word.
2Fill in the right word: “the cumba being built right now”.
şu anda ? olan cumba
3yapılacak olan cumba means…
4How do you say “the pulled-down cumba”, with the sentence carrying on after it?
5Fill in the right word: “the book I’m reading right now”.
şu anda okumakta ? kitap
6Gazete, cumbanın yapılmış olduğunu yazdı means…
11Homework
Two to say aloud, three to write. Write by hand or in your phone’s notes, then read it aloud: the ear finds what the eye let through.
- Out loud, one verb, three times: yapılmakta olan, yapılmış olan, yapılacak olan. Then the same with oku, yaz, gönder — and each time the negative with -mış: yapılmamış olan…
- Out loud, every person: okumuş olduğum kitap, okumuş olduğun kitap — and on to onlar. Then the same with -makta: okumakta olduğum…
- Your bookshelf, in five or six sentences: what you’ve read, what you’re reading now, what you’re going to read — okumuş olduğum, okumakta olduğum, okuyacak olduğum.
- Three bits of news from your street, the way a local paper would write them: with -makta olan, -mış olan and -acak olan. Then, after an arrow, the same as you’d say it over tea.
- A correction for a paper, in five or six sentences: what the paper got wrong — the tense, perhaps — and how things really are. End with Okurlarımızdan özür dileriz.